The Phallic Stage
From age 3 to 5 (or a bit later), the primary erogenous area of the body is the genital zone. Freud called this stage of development the phallic stage, reflecting his conviction that the phallus (penis) is the most important organ for the development of both males and females. (Critics chastise Freud for being phallocentric.) The child's desire for sexual pleasure is expressed through masturbation, which is accompanied by important (and, to critics, incredible) fantasies. At this stage, males...
Mistaken Styles of Life
Not all styles of life are equally desirable. Sometimes, early in life, people develop strategies for improving their situations that are, in the long run, maladaptive. For example, a child may become overly dependent on doting parents or overly rebellious. Adler referred to these as mistaken styles of life. He listed several types, which we shall examine here. Ruling Type. Ruling types seek to dominate others. They may actively confront life's problems in a selfish way, becoming delinquents,...
The strange death of King Charles II
King Charles II was not an alchemist as such, but he was very interested in science and especially 'chymistry'. He had a laboratory built in the basement of his palace at Westminster and there, with the aid of one or two assistants, he spent time smelting and refining mercury, and indeed he became accomplished in the experimental techniques of the alchemists. Charles had his laboratory staff extract mercury from cinnabar and even distil it. No doubt his aim was to transmute base metals into...
How To Treat A Urinary Tract Infection With Acv And Baking Soda
Urinary tract infection (or UTI) is the second most common infection people receive each year after respiratory infection. The statistical figures in the U.S. are somewhere between 8-10 million Americans, most of which are women. In fact, further statistics show that a urinary tract infection will actually affect half of all women at some point during their lifetime and results in more than 8 million visits to the doctor each year.
Put Baking Soda Under Your Eyes And The Results Will Be Amazing!
There are many different studies that prove the amazing health properties and benefits of this amazing ingredient baking soda. Well, you should know that baking soda isn't just used for making and baking delicious pies, pastries, cakes, biscuits and for cleaning your kitchen and kitchen cabinets. You can use this amazing ingredient for beauty purposes as well. Many women around the world are using baking soda for improving the health of their skin every day.
Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety
Horney (1950) believed that each person begins life with the potential for healthy development, but like other living organisms, people need favorable conditions for growth. These conditions must include a warm and loving environment yet one that is not overly permissive. Children need to experience both genuine love and healthy discipline. Such conditions provide them with feelings of safety and satisfaction and permit them to grow hi accordance with then real self. Unfortunately, a multitude...
Conditioned and Generalized Reinforcers
Food is a reinforcement for humans and animals because it removes a condition of deprivation. But how can money, which cannot directly remove a condition of deprivation, be reinforcing The answer is that money is a conditioned reinforcer. Conditioned reinforcers (sometimes called secondary reinforcers) are those environmental stimuli that are not by nature satisfying but become so because they are associated with such unlearned or primary reinforcers as food water, sex, or physical comfort....
Chance Encounters and Fortuitous Events
Although people can and do exercise a significant amount of control over their lives, they cannot predict or anticipate all possible environmental changes. Bandura is the only personality theorist to seriously consider the possible importance of these chance encounters and fortuitous events. Bandura defined a chance encounter as an unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other. A fortuitous event is an environmental experience that is unexpected and unintended.
Symptoms and detection of strychnine poisoning
The effects of strychnine usually appear rapidly, within ten to fifteen minutes. As with most poisoning cases, the victim appears to be well and in good health, and then suddenly falls ill following the eating or drinking of something or the taking of a preparation or medication. Within minutes the victim will complain of stiffness, often in the back of the neck. Tremor and twitching start, followed by convulsions. Occasionally there is only one massive convulsion before death, but usually...
Mechanisms of Escape
Because basic anxiety produces a frightening sense of isolation and aloneness, people attempt to flee from freedom through a variety of escape mechanisms, hi Escape from Freedom, Fromm (1941) identified three primary mechanisms of escape authoritarianism, destructiveness, and conformity. Unlike Horney's neurotic trends (see Chapter 6), Fromm's mechanisms of escape are the driving forces in normal people, both individually and collectively. Fromm (1941) defined authoritarianism as the tendency...
What Is the Role of Conscious Motivation
More than any other personality theorist, Allport emphasized the importance of conscious motivation. Healthy adults are generally aware of what they are doing and their reasons for doing it. His emphasis on conscious motivation goes back to his meeting in Vienna with Freud and his emotional reaction to Freud's question And was that little boy you Freud's response carried the implication that his 22-year-old visitor was unconsciously talking about his own fetish for cleanliness in revealing the...
Pampered Style of Life
A pampered style of life lies at the heart of most neuroses. Pampered people have weak social hiterest but a strong desire to perpetuate the pampered parasitic relationship they originally had with one or both of then parents. They expect others to Chapter 3 Adler Individual Psychology 81 look after them, overprotect them, and satisfy their needs. They are characterized by extreme discouragement, indecisiveness, oversensitivity, impatience, and exaggerated emotion, especially anxiety. They see...
Critique of Fromm
Erich Fromm was perhaps the most brilliant essayist of all personality theorists. He wrote beautiful essays on international politics (Fromm, 1961) on the relevance of biblical prophets for people today (Fromm, 1986) on the psychological problems of the aging (Fromm, 1981) on Marx, Hitler, Freud and Clnist and on myriad other topics. Regardless of the topic, at the core of all Fromm's writings can be found an unfolding of the essence of human nature. Like other psychodynamic theorists, Fromm...
Where to Retire: Bellingham, Washington
Incorporated in 1902, Bellingham became the county seat of Whatcom County and an important center of coal mining, salmon canning and saw milling. These frontier industries were largely replaced by a service economy. Surrounded by natural beauty, Bellingham is small enough to offer the intimacy and friendliness of a small town while providing a good array of urban services and amenities for a retirement community.
Biographies of Robert R McCrae and Paul T Costa Jr
Robert Roger McCrae was born April 28, 1949 in Maryville, Missouri, a town of 13,000 people located about 100 miles north of Kansas City. Maryville is home to Northwest Missouri State, the town's largest employer. McCrae, the youngest of three children bom to Andrew McCrae and Eloise Elahie McCrae, grew up with an avid interest in science and mathematics. By the time he entered Michigan State University he had decided to study philosophy. A National Merit Scholar, he nevertheless was not...
The Consistency Paradox
This discrepancy between the intuition that people are consistent and empirical findings that they are not poses a consistency paradox. People who are honest in the classroom may cheat on taxes children who wait patiently in the presence of a parent may act impulsively when the situation changes. That is, behavior is not determined by general personality traits, but is situation-specific. Even the religious beliefs and worldviews of elderly people, studied in longitudinal research, vaiy...
Overview of Psychoanalytic Social Theory
The psychoanalytic social theory of Karen Horney (pronounced Horn-eye) was built on the assumption that social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences, are largely responsible for shaping personality. People who do not have their needs for love and affection satisfied dining childhood develop basic hostility toward then parents and, as a consequence, suffer from basic anxiety. Homey theorized that people combat basic anxiety by adopting one of tlnee fundamental styles of...
Instinctoid Nature of Needs
Maslow (1970) hypothesizes that some human needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning. He called these needs instinctoid needs. Sex, for example, is a basic physiological need but the maimer hi which it is expressed depends on learning. For most people, then, sex is an instinctoid need. Chapter 10 Maslow Holistic-Dynamic Theory 285 One criterion for separating instinctoid needs from lioninstinctoid needs is the level of pathology upon frustration. The thwarting...
Aluminum Foil Treatment for Back Pain & Joint Pain - Treatment of Russian & Chinese Healers
Chinese and Russian healers have long been using aluminum foil due to its healing properties. According to them, aluminum foil can be used as a healing tool outside of the kitchen, where it should be used with an extreme caution. If you suffer from pain in your neck, back, shoulders, knees and heels, just wrap the affected area with some aluminum foil, and the pain will soon disappear.
Biochemical Mechanisms Of Toxicity
A critical aspect of toxicological chemistry is that which deals with the biochemical mechanisms and reactions by which xenobiotic compounds and their metabolites interact with biomolecules to cause an adverse toxicological effect.6,7 The remainder of this chapter addresses the major aspects of biochemical mechanisms and processes of toxicity. As discussed earlier in this chapter, metabolic processes make toxic agents from nontoxic ones or make toxic substances more toxic.
Combination Products
Cold and allergy combination products include one or more drugs from each of the five categories we've discussed Somewhat like a Chinese menu, you can order a la carte or go for a combo plate. Table 9.2 shows you some of the most common combinations. When you are choosing a product, your underlying assumption should be that you want to take as little medication as possible, since there's no sense in needlessly exposing yourself to side TABLE 9.2 Drug Combinations for Sinusitis Decongestants +...
Hydrogen Sulfide
Bacterial cells need soluble sulfur as a growth nutrient and satisfy this need by using soluble sulfide HS . However, excessive concentrations of sulfides or dissolved hydrogen sulfide gas H2S cause toxicity. Hydrogen sulfide is one of the compounds most toxic to anaerobic digesters. The methane-forming bacteria are the bacteria that are most susceptible to hydrogen sulfide toxicity. Hydrogen-consuming methane-forming bacteria are more susceptible to hydrogen sulfide toxicity than acetoclastic...
Hyperechoic Medulla
J 1 Upper abdominal transverse scan see p. 22 .C Lateral upper abdominal longitudinal scan see p. 24 n Sonographic anatomy and normal findings Figs. 372 and 373 The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneum on the iliopsoas muscles. Their longitudinal axes point laterally downward at a divergent angle. They are tilted laterally, and their lower poles are directed forward. An imaginary line joining the bases of the medullary pyramids separates the cortical substance of the kidney from the...
Volatile Acidtoalkalinity Ratio
The range of acceptable volatile acid-to-alkalinity ratios is 0.1-0.2. An acceptable ratio may be obtained by adjusting volatile acid concentration, alkalinity concentration, or both concentrations. Reducing or terminating feed sludge to the digester also helps to lower the volatile acid-to-alkalinity ratio. If feed sludge cannot be reduced or terminated, the use of chemicals for alkalinity adjustment is required. An unacceptable volatile acid-to-alkalinity ratio is usually the first warning of...
Temperature
Common recurring problems associated with anaerobic digesters are loss of heating capability and maintenance of optimum digester temperature. An acceptable and uniform temperature should be maintained throughout the digester to prevent localized pockets of depressed temperature and undesired bacterial activity. Variations in temperature of even a few degrees affect almost all biological activity including the inhibition of some anaerobic bacteria, especially methane-forming bacteria. Adequate...
Composition And Properties Of Menses
Menses principally consists of blood, desquamated endometrial tissue, sloughed vaginal epithelial cells, cervico-vaginal secretions, and endogenous vaginal microbes. Consequently, menses differs from venous blood both in its composition (Table 1) and in its physical properties. The composition and physical properties of menses vary among individuals and over the course of menstrual flow. Hence, mean values for menses reported in the accompanying table represent values obtained from sample...
Interpreting A Karyotype Description
Receiving a cytogenetic report that contains the description of a patient's karyotype can create confusion, particularly if complex rearrangements or multiple clones are present. Interpretation of the description of a karyotype can be facilitated by breaking this description into its component parts. First, determine whether more than one cell line is present. This will happen if constitutionally the patient is a mosaic or a chimera as is often the case with acquired cytogenetic abnormalities,...
About the Adult Self Expression Scale
Assertiveness, defined as the socially appropriate expression of feelings, is extremely important to having effective interpersonal interactions. This very important quality has interested behavioral psychologists for decades, and they have developed a variety of tests to measure it. One of the best of these is the Adult Self-Expression Scale created by psychologists Melvin Gay, James Hollandsworth, and John Galassi. People who are low in assertiveness are likely to have at least two problem...
Structural Chromosome Abnormalities
This category of abnormalities includes several subclasses that will be discussed under separate headings. Again, as previously stated, all chromosomes involved in abnormalities are designated in numerical order, except for the X and Y, which are listed first. When designating an abnormality that is limited to a single chromosome, the abbreviation for that abnormality is used, followed by the chromosome number in parentheses e.g., r(X), del(2), ins(4), dup(5) . If two or more chromosomes are...
Numerical Abnormalities Of Chromosomes
The term numerical abnormality refers to gain or loss of chromosomes. As outlined above, all such abnormalities are presented in numerical order with the exception of the X and Y, which are always listed first. To designate an additional or a missing chromosome plus (+) and minus (-) signs are placed before the specific chromosome number. Thus, -7,+18 would mean a missing chromosome 7 and an extra chromosome 18. Note that these abnormalities are presented in numerical order, regardless of...
Genital ulcerations
Genital ulcers are one of the cardinal signs of BS with a frequency of about 85 . They are oval or round with punched-out appearence. They usually begin as a papule, pustule or necrotic crust that ulcerate within a short period (Fig. 2). Genital ulcers of BS can be painful. Their borders are regular and oedematous and their base are covered with a yellow fibrin. We have recently formally studied the fate of these genital ulcers in a sizeable group of patients (Mat et al., in print). If they are...
Anatomy Of The Lower Extremity Veins
Thorough knowledge of the fascial compartments of the leg is a prerequisite of understanding the relationship between superficial and deep veins. The fascia surrounding the calf and thigh muscles separates two compartments the superficial compartment, consisting of all tissues between the skin and the fascia, and the deep compartment, which includes all tissues between the fascia and the bones (see Figure 2.6).11 Superficial veins run in the superfical, deep veins in the deep compartments....
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
Because the ears, nose, and throat are all connected, it's not uncommon for problems in one area to spill over into another. One example is Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). Eustachian tubes are narrow passageways that connect the inside of the ears to the back of the nose in an area known as the nasopharynx (refer back to Figure 2.2). These tubes equalize the pressure between your ears and the outside atmosphere. When you feel your ears popping in an elevator or on an airplane, that's your...
Vacuum Sinusitis
Vacuum sinusitis is a peculiar ailment in which a person seems to develop sinusitis symptoms without having an infection. We're not even 100 percent sure it exists, but we do know people sometimes have symptoms of sinusitis, particularly facial pain, which temporarily get better when they take sinus medications a normal CT scan that shows no obstructions of sinus ostia One possible explanation is that these patients actually have intermittent blockage one day the doors are shut, the next...
Wegeners Granulomatosis
Wegener's is another rare disease that causes granulomas to form throughout the body, including the nose and sinuses. Here, however, the granulomas damage the walls of small- and medium-sized blood vessels. This damage interferes with normal blood supply, which can lead to injury and destruction of nearby tissues. The cause of Wegener's is also unknown, but research suggests it's an immune disorder in which the body's defenses are mistakenly aimed at the blood vessels. Wegener's most commonly...
Sinusitis and Quality of Life
It's a simple but revealing question compared to one year ago, how would you rate your health today I frequently ask this question to patients who have been referred to me with sinusitis, and nearly always their answer is worse. If you're struggling with sinus problems, chances are you would say the same. What's important about this response is it reflects that sinusitis leads to more than just headaches or nasal drainage or blocked breathing passages. It affects your overall quality of life....
Mechanisms of copper absorption
Copper absorption in humans has been found to depend on a number of factors, of which the most important is probably dietary copper intake.6 The efficiency of copper absorption is regulated to maintain body copper status, with levels of uptake rising to 70 during periods of deficiency,63 and falling to 12 in high-copper diets.61 This modulation of absorption, which provides a means of adapting to changing dietary intake, appears to develop during childhood, with copper absorption in infants...
Nuclear Grooves and Pseudoinclusions
The presence of extensive nuclear grooves is a common finding in PTC, caused by an infolding of the nuclear membrane. Nuclear grooves are present in nearly all cases of PTC, but they may be sparse in up to 25 of cases. They are often parallel to the long axis of the oval nuclei, giving a coffee bean appearance (see Figure 9.5). Nuclear grooves alone are nonspecific and can be seen in a variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells, including macrophages and benign follicular cells. However,...
Suspicious for PTC
Cases in which there are insufficient criteria for a definitive diagnosis of PTC can be placed in the suspicious category and diagnosed as suspicious for PTC. Unfortunately, this may create some confusion regarding the clinical management of these patients. Approximately 50 of these suspicious cases are confirmed as PTC on surgical resection. Because these patients may be treated with a total thyroidectomy, cytopathologists rendering a diagnosis of suspicious for PTC must be prepared for this...
Associated Features
In many cases of PTC, the cytoplasm of the malignant cells is moderately abundant and exhibits a densely staining Figure 9.7. PTC. Nuclear pseudoinclusions of PTC showing membrane-bound structures with tinctorial properties similar to that of the cytoplasm. (Smear, Papanicolaou.) squamoid or waxy quality. This feature should alert the cytopathologist to the possibility of PTC (Figure 9.8). Although not specific for PTC, few other thyroid lesions display this cytoplasmic feature. PTC often...
Phallic Phase
At approximately 3 or 4 years of age, children begin a third stage of infantile development the phallic phase, a time when the genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone. This stage is marked for the first time by a dichotomy between male and female development, a distinction that Freud (1925 1961) believed to be due to the anatomical differences between the sexes. Freud (1924 1961, p. 178) took Napoleon's remark that History is destiny and changed it to Anatomy is destiny. This dictum...
Glossary Of Needles And Related Terms
Abrams' needle A biopsy needle designed to reduce the danger of introducing air into tissues, used in pleural biopsy. Acuity The sharpness of a surgical needle.8 Agar cutting needle A needle with a sharpened punch end and an obturator to pick up and transfer a sample of agar media. Aneurysm needle One with a handle, used in ligating blood vessels. Angle of rotation The amount of rotation performed on secondary grinds (lancets) of a cannula. This is an important variable for needlepoint...
Factors affecting vitamin stability
One of the very few attributes that the vitamins have in common is that none is completely stable in foods. The stability of the individual vitamins varies from the relatively stable, such as in the case of niacin, to the relatively unstable, such as vitamin B12. The factors that affect stability vary from vitamin to vitamin and the principal ones are summarised in Table 10.2. The most important of these factors are heat, moisture, oxygen, pH and light. The deterioration of vitamins can take...
Five signs you might be addicted to your prescription
Our prescription is such an important part of maintaining as healthy a life as possible. More than half of adults in the USA have at least one prescription, while it's a similar story in the UK and many other parts of the world. While they are designed to improve and maintain your health, there's a growing number of people that are becoming addicted to their prescription, which ultimately has the opposite effect.
A62 Other Food Applications
One of the most common applications for maltodextrins as fat mimetics is in pourable and spoonable low-fat salad dressings. In reformulating these types of products, special attention needs to be paid to developing new flavor systems, combating increased trans-lucency and avoiding excessive setback during storage due to starch retrogradation. Another common application for maltodextrins as fat replacers is in soups, sauces, and gravies. In addition to mimicking the creamy mouthfeel of fat in...
Identification of the True and False Lumens
Identification of the true and false lumens is crucial in the endovascular treatment of aortic dissection. The true and false lumens behave differently. In most acute aortic dissection, the false lumen is prone to ectasia and is at risk of rupture, and the true lumen is prone to collapse and is at risk of compromise of its branch arteries. Numerous steps in the endovascular treatment of dissection require real-time knowledge of which lumen the guidewire, the diagnostic catheter, and treatment...
Screening And Assessment Of Phonological Skills
The foregoing discussion has highlighted the importance of prediction studies that tell us a great deal about the knowledge and skills young children bring to bear on the task of learning to read. Research-generated phonological tasks might, if given to sufficiently large samples of children, provide norms for the purposes of screening young children, or against which individual slow starter youngsters might be compared. However, whether such studies can suggest a strategy for reliably...
The Flavr Savr Tomato
In May 1994, consumers were introduced to genetic engineering's first ready-to-eat produce the Flavr Savr tomato. The FDA had just ruled that the two extra pieces of recombinant DNA that Calgene Inc. had manipulated into this cultivar posed no appreciable health risks, so these GM tomatoes were as safe for human consumption as their nonengineered cousins. Actually, the FDA was not obliged by law or policy to pass premarket judgment on these plants. Rather, Calgene (later purchased by Monsanto)...
Visual Dissonance
Visual dissonance is defined as a state of psychological tension caused when one experiences a disparity between what one expects to see and what one actually sees. The concept is related to a well-known phenomenon in social psychology called cognitive dissonance, which happens when we perceive a discrepancy among our attitudes and or our behavior. Our eyes see the world of art with a thousand expectations based on our personality and our cognitive structure (knowledge system). Sometimes those...
Even Doctors Cannot Explain This: Boiled Cinnamon And Honey Is The Cure For Cancer, Arthritis, Gallbladder Issues,
Honey and cinnamon we can easily that this is the most powerful combo (ever made) Why well, that's easy to answer Just take a look at the article below and we're going to give 12 reasons why this combo is very useful and effective against many different health problems and ailments. But first, I would like to say a few words about the ingredients. First of all, you should know that honey contains high amounts of vitamins and minerals.
Characteristics of American Sign Language and Other Natural Sign Languages
This entry focuses on American Sign Language (ASL) because it is the natural sign language used in the United States and it has been the most extensively studied. However, many of the issues raised here about the unique properties of natural sign languages and the normal pattern of acquisition of those languages by deaf children exposed to complete and early input apply to all natural sign languages. ASL and other natural sign languages are formally structured at different levels and follow the...
Values of Self Actualizers
Maslow (1971) held that self-actualizing people are motivated by the eternal verities, what he called B-values. These Being values are indicators of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs, which motivate non-self-actualizers. B-values are not needs in the same sense that food, shelter, or companionship are. Maslow termed B-values metaneeds to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs. He distinguished between ordinary need motivation and the motives of...
The discordant death of Mozart
In the summer of 1791, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was approached by a stranger who offered him an extremely generous commission to write a requiem mass. It was this piece of music that Mozart was working on when he died a few months later, by which time he was obsessed by the idea that he was in fact composing it for his own death. As it turned out, he was. The unfinished Requiem was completed by his prot g Sussmayr and performed in January 1793, although the motive for completing it was to enable...
Ultrasound Scanning Planes
Fig. 15 Schematic representation of typical reverberations R occurring between strongly reflective interfaces I . T transducer Fig. 16 Reverberations Longitudinal scan of the uterus and bladder B with __ superimposed parallel lines caused by 14 abdominal wall structures. Arrows IUD n Significance Reverberations are consistently present in cystic organs but may also occur in solid structures. They are always troublesome and rarely helpful. They can be eliminated by changing the direction of the...
Diffuse Abdominal Pain
Differential diagnosis of diffuse abdominal pain Table 11 . Differential diagnosis of diffuse abdominal pain Accentuated bowel walls, increased intraintestinal fluid, possible small hypoechoic mesenteric lymph nodes Distended colon loops with tense, air-filled haustra Bidirectional peristalsis, dilated bowel loops containing Absence of peristalsis, dilated bowel loops Thickened peritoneum, dilated bowel without wall swelling, Long segmental thickening of bowel walls, acute luminal...
Changes in the Portal Venous System
N In portal hypertension, the luminal size transverse diameter of the portal veins correlates poorly with the portal pressure. Thus, the diagnosis of portal hypertension relies not only on increased portal vein diameter but also on the results of CDS with spectral analysis and the assessment of flow characteristics. Definite signs of portal hypertension by CDS are flow reversal and an absence of flow. n The causes of raised portal venous pressure are classified as follows Prehepatic portal vein...
Normal Anterior Ankle Joint Space Ultrasound
N The patient is examined in the supine position. The prone position is used for posterior scanning. The ankle joint should be unconstrained, to allow passive movement. n Ankle joint Anterior and posterior longitudinal and transverse scans (Fig. 62). Fig. 62a, b Sonography of the ankle joint anterior longitudinal scan. a Scan plane, b normal findings. 1 Extensor digitorum longus, 2 ankle joint space Fig. 62a, b Sonography of the ankle joint anterior longitudinal scan. a Scan plane, b normal...
Aorta and Arteries
, lt u Table 31 Classification of sonographic findings by etiology s Anomalies Traumatic and postoperative lesions C Duplications False aneurysm p. 195 Arterial variants p. 194 Arteriovenous fistula p. 195 Sequelae of hypertension and atherosclerosis Displacement, compression, infiltration Aortic or arterial elongation p. 197 Benign masses p. 200 Aortic ectasia p. 197 Malignant masses p. 200 Aortic or arterial stenosis p. 197 Aneurysms p. 198 n Duplication anomalies renal artery Fig. 255 ,...
Circumscribed Changes
Table 44 Circumscribed hepatic changes Focal sparing in fatty infiltration p. 245 Hypoechoic transformation of the caudate lobe p. 246 Regenerative nodule in hepatic cirrhosis p. 246 Metastases p. 250 Systemic hematologic diseases p. 250 Isoechoic metastases p. 251 Focal nodular hyperplasia p. 248 Echogenic portal tracts starry sky p. 253 Hemangioma p. 253 Lesions in porphyria p. 254 Metastasis colon carcinoma, carcinoid, p. 254 Intraductal stones p. 254 Pneumobilia p. 254 J n Liver cysts Figs....
JE Table 17 Differential diagnosis of enlarged lymph nodes
Inflamed lymph nodes p. 110 Variable size, L W ratio j 2, prominent echogenic hilum Lymph node metastases p. 112 Variable size, L W ratio lt 2, absent hilar sign, aberrant vessels Malignant lymphoma p. 113 Variable size, L W ratio often lt 2, absent hilar sign, variable pattern of involvement, variable echogenicity, increased vascularity on CDS 8 T Porta hepatis Visceral 4 Superior and inferior mesenteric group Para-aortic group 0 Parietal Iliac group lymph nodes Fig. 143 Localization abdominal...
Ultrasound
Formerly Evangelisches Krankenhaus Kredenbach Kreuztal, Germany B. Beuscher-Willems, L. Br gmann, C. G rg, T. Grebe, L. Greiner 1091 illustrations Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart New York Schmidt, Ultrasound 2007 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher. This book is an authorized and revised translation of the 3rd German edition published and copyrighted 2005 by Georg Thieme...
Diffuse Changes
N Definition Diffuse changes are characterized by a disturbance in the overall echo pattern (echo texture) of the organ, with associated changes in size and structure. There may also be changes in the duct system as well as circumscribed complications. n Overview See Table 51. Table 51 Diffuse changes in the pancreas pancreas Large pancreas Acute pancreatitis (p. 295) Early chronic pancreatitis (p. 296) n Acute pancreatitis (Fig. 427, see also Figs. 87-89, p. 66) Hazy, hypoechoic organ...
Hepatosplenomegaly
N Principal signs and symptoms abdominal tenderness in the right and left upper quadrants, palpable organ enlargement Table 26 Differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly Table 26 Differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly Enlarged, echogenic, homogeneous liver with rarefied hepatic veins Hepatic tumor or metastasis (p. 150) Hypoechoic or echogenic masses, enlarged liver and spleen, biliary stasis High-grade lymphoma, lympho-granulomatous infiltrates in Hodgkin disease (p. 150) Enlarged...
Functional Disorders
Increased intraluminal bowel contents, may be anechoic to echogenic depending on the contents Fig. 528a, b Functional disorders of the small intestine. a Acute enteritis fluid-filled bowel loops B . b Sprue the washing machine sign Fig. 528a, b Functional disorders of the small intestine. a Acute enteritis fluid-filled bowel loops B . b Sprue the washing machine sign Hypoechoic wall thickening edema Distention of the fluid-filled lumen Real-time ultrasound washing machine sign n Diabetic...
Exemption from PLAB test
There are several categories which the General Medical Council will accept other than a pass in the PLAB test. The following categories of doctors may be exempt from taking the PLAB Test. Full Membership of a Royal College Sponsorship through an Overseas Doctors Training Scheme Sponsorship through the British Council Sponsorship through a United Kingdom university - for doctors undertaking research or academic work for which they require clinical access A small number candidates of Postgraduate...
Mushrooms Causing Gastrointestinal Disorders
This large group of mushrooms accounts by far for the largest number of mushroom poisonings, but fatalities are very rare, possibly absent. In the great majority of cases the toxins involved remain unidentified, and may differ from species to species. This mushroom was originally classified in the genus Lepiota, and is also known as Lepiota morgani or Lepiota molybditis (false parasol). It is a species often involved in poisonings in the U.S. and throughout the world, but apparently not in...
You've Been Throwing Away Avocado Seeds Because No One Told You They Could Fight Cancer
We all know how healthy avocados are and we should all eat at least one avocado every day. You can add this delicious fruit to almost anything, salads, and meals or make a sandwich with an avocado. Or, if you love nachos, just make a homemade guacamole. I usually add avocado to my salads and it is super delicious. But, unfortunately, just like many people, I used to throw the avocado seed in the thrash.
Reference Air Kerma Rate and Air Kerma Strength
In 1985, the ICRU Report 385 defined the reference air kerma rate as an emission specification quantity for y -rays emitting brachytherapy sources. This was first recommended by the French Committee for the Measurement of Ionising Radiation in 19836 then by the British Committee on Radiation Units and Measurements in 19847 and has been widely established in Europe since the end of the 1980s. The reference air kerma rate of a source is defined as the air kerma rate in air at a reference distance...
The principles of irradiation
Processing by ionising radiation is a particular kind of energy transfer the portion of energy transferred per transaction is high enough to cause ionisation. This kind 374 The nutrition handbook for food processors Table 17.1 Types of particle electron An elementary corpuscle carrying one unit of positive or negative electrical charge. The positively charged electron is called a positron. alpha A charged particle, identical to the nucleus of a helium atom, composed of two neutrons and two...
Where to Retire: Hendersonville, North Carolina
Hendersonville, North Carolina has a long-standing reputation as a health and summer resort has contributed to its becoming the leading retirement center of North Carolina's mountainous west. Hendersonville retains a unique identity from nearby Asheville and Brevard, yet it is close enough to them for its residents to easily access their many attractions, making it a desirable place for retirement. Landscape Hendersonville has a beautiful setting in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Enteropathogenic E coli
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) is an important cause of diarrhea in infants less than 2 years of age. EPEC is transmitted by the fecal-oral route by person-to-person contact. The infection occurs more frequently during the warm seasons. Infection with EPEC is often severe and leads to a high mortality rate in developing countries. The symptoms of the disease include watery diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. All EPEC strains induce a characteristic attaching and effacing (A E) lesion on the brush...
The Healthy Style of Life The Socially Useful Type
If the lifestyle is adaptive, Adler referred to it as a socially useful type. To be so characterized, a person must act in ways beneficial to others. This does not necessarily imply economic productivity or acts generally considered altruistic. Adler included artists and poets as people who serve a social function more than anyone else. They have taught us how to see, how to think, and how to feel (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 153). These people have a well-developed sense of social...
Fictional Finalism
As described in Chapter 2, Freud was committed to the scientific assumption of determinism in even the psychological realm. This assumption led to a theory that treated humans as passive products of various forces, primarily biological. In contrast, Adler viewed individuals as causes rather than effects. He argued that personality is creative. People make choices and determine their own outcomes in life. External factors present challenges and choices but do not wholly determine the outcomes....
Stages of Adlerian Psychotherapy
Empathy and Relationship Stage Offer empathy to the client and establish a working relationship. 2. Information Stage Gather information about the problem and the client's past history, early memories, and current functioning. 3- Clarification Stage Clarify the client's core beliefs about self, others, and life. 4. Encouragement Stage Encourage the client for progress. 5. Interpretation and Recognition Stage Interpret the client's behavior and help the client recognize, and reconsider his or...
Home Remedies for Snoring
If you are the snorer then your snoring affects others sharing the room, be it your spouse, baby or even the dog. It disrupts their sleep causes them to grudge you and in extreme cases, they might have to abandon the room entirely so as to catch some zzz . But that's only 1 half of the story, snoring sucks for you too. It hinders deep sleep for you, causing you drowsiness and feeling of tiredness during the day.
Snoring Ruining YOur Relationship - HELP
Its 3 32 am and the urge to kill is rising again . Will holding a pillow over his head and smothering him, stop the sounds once and forever . This thought sounds familiar If you live with a snorer, I'm sure it sounds familiar. I too have experienced the horrors of living with a snorer. And the urge to kill my husband Casey crossed my mind many a times when I was awake at wee hours of morning due to his snoring. Snoring steadily kept ruining my relationship with Casey.
11 Natural Solutions to Stop Snoring
Snoring is a common problem worldwide. The worst part is that not only do the snorers suffer, but their spouses, family members and those co-sleeping with them suffer too. While snoring is not a disease, it is far more debilitating than most other diseases. It affects your normal day to day functioning, taking the joy out of your life. If you are a snorer, or stay with a snorer then you must have often wondered if you can do anything to get rid of snoring.
Ayurvedic Home Remedies For Snoring
Ayurvedic Home Remedies For Snoring Most people choose to ignore snoring as a habit of others or sometimes ignore it thinking that the other person is too tired and is finally having a sound sleep after a long time. But the fact is that snoring often undergoes unnoticed as a disease. One who shares bedroom with someone who snores remain disturbed most of the time because of this habit, but no one usually takes any measures to stop it.
Nectarine And Raspberry Juice
I found this yummy on Pinterest, courtesy of Vanilla and Lace Blogspot , and according to Abi (the owner of the blog ) it is THE best juice ever, totally creamy and probably the best thing you have ever tasted It is really simple to make. You need 2 nectarines 1 cup raspberries (if you can't find fresh ones, I would think that you can easily use frozen ones) and just run them through your fruit juicer Oh and Abi suggests to not throw away the pulp, but to scoop it in a bowl and freeze it.
Fake Olive Oil Is Literally Everywhere! How To Know Whether It Is Fake Or Original Olive Oil?
What are the health benefits of olive oil This type of oil is part of the Mediterranean diet. People used olive oil for thousands of years, and according to the legend, the olive oil was also used by Hippocrates the Father of Medicine. The olive oil has many health benefits. It contains high amounts of monosaturated fatty acids, which are extremely important compounds and they provide many health benefits for the human heart and to other parts of the human body if it's consumed on daily basis.
Heal Your Varicose Veins With A Mix Of Aloe Vera, Carrot And Apple Cider Vinegar
A lot of people in the world suffer from this type of health problem. Well yes, nobody is safe and it can be caused by many different reasons and factors. This health problem is really frustrating for everyone both as an aesthetic and health problem. First, you should know that this condition can be caused by many different reasons and risk factors.
How paint stripper can cause carbon monoxide poisoning
Methylene chloride is used in industry as a degreasing solvent and is found in most paint strippers. When used in a poorly ventilated or confined place, the volatile chemical is inhaled and rapidly absorbed from the lungs into the blood, which then distributes it to other areas of the body. Due to the way the circulatory system is organized the first organ exposed after the heart will be the brain, and this type of solvent, which is soluble in fat, can easily enter the brain. If sufficient...
What Contributes to Self Efficacy
Personal efficacy is acquired enhanced, or decreased through any one or combination of four sources (1) mastery experiences, (2) social modeling, (3) social persuasion, and (4) physical and emotional states (Bandura, 1997). With each method information about oneself and the environment is cognitively processed and together with recollections of previous experiences, alters perceived self-efficacy. The most influential source of self-efficacy is performance. The most influential source of...
Concept of Humanity Srd
Bandura sees humans as having the capacity to become many things, and most of these things are learned through modeling. If human learning were dependent on direct experience of trial and error, it would be exceedingly slow, tedious, and dangerous. Fortunately, humans have evolved an advanced cognitive capacity for observational learning that enables them to shape and structure their lives through the power of modeling (Bandura 2002a, p. 167). Bandura believes that people are quite plastic and...
John Bowlbys Attachment Theory
John Bowlby (1907-1990) was born in London, where his father was a well-known surgeon. From an early age, Bowlby was interested in natural science, medicine, and psychology subjects he studied at Cambridge University. After receiving a medical degree, he started his practice in psychiatry and psychoanalysis in 1933. At about the same time, he began training in child psychiatry under Melanie Klein. During World War II, Bowlby served as an army psychiatrist, and in 1946 he was appointed director...
Neurotic Trends
As her theory evolved Horney began to see that the list of 10 neurotic needs could be grouped into three general categories, each relating to a person s basic attitude toward self and others. In 1945, she identified the three basic attitudes, or neurotic trends as (1) moving toward people, (2) moving against people, and (3) moving away from people. Chapter 6 Horney Psychoanalytic Social Theory 169 Chapter 6 Horney Psychoanalytic Social Theory 169 FIGURE 6.1 The Interaction of Basic Hostility...
Moving toward People
Horney s concept of moving toward people does not mean moving toward them in the spirit of genuine love. Rather, it refers to a neurotic need to protect oneself against feelings of helplessness. In their attempts to protect themselves agahist feelings of helplessness, compliant people employ either or both of the first two neurotic needs that is, they desperately strive for affection and approval of others, or they seek a powerful partner who will take responsibility for their lives. Homey...
Concept of Humanity Iuz
Object relations theorists generally see human personality as a product of the early mother-child relationship. The interaction between mother and infant lays the foundation for future personality development because that early interpersonal experience serves as a prototype for subsequent interpersonal relations. Klein saw the human psyche as unstable, fluid, constantly fending off psychotic anxieties (Mitchell & Black, 1995, p. 87). Moreover, each of us struggles with the deep terrors of...
Chemoautotroph Chemotroph Chemotrophic autotroph
Organism in which energy is obtained from endogenous light-independent reactions involving inorganic molecules. chemodynesis Induction of cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells by chemicals rather than by light (photodynesis). chemokine receptors CCR Chemokine receptors are G-protein-linked serpentine receptors that, in addition to binding chemokines, are used as co-receptors for the binding of immunodeficiency viruses (HIV, SIV, FIV) to leucocytes. CXCR4 is a co-receptor for T-tropic viruses,...
Posterior Arch Vein
FIGURE 4.2 This diagrammatic representation of the Great Saphenous Vein emphasizes it relationship to perforating veins and the Posterior Arch Vein. (Redrawn from Mozes G, Gloviczki P, Kadar A, Carmichael SW. Chapter 2, Anatomy of the Perforating Veins in Gloviczki, P, and Bergan, JJ, eds. Atlas of Endoscopic Perforating Vein Surgery. Springer, London. 1998.) FIGURE 4.2 This diagrammatic representation of the Great Saphenous Vein emphasizes it relationship to perforating veins and the Posterior...
What Are the Characteristics of a Healthy Person
Long before Abraham Maslow (see Chapter 10) made the concept of self-actualization popular, Gordon Allport (1937) hypothesized in depth about the attributes of the mature personality. Allport's interest in the psychologically healthy person goes back to 1922, the year he finished his PhD. Not having any particular skills in mathematics, biology, medicine, or laboratory manipulations, Allport (1967) was forced to find his own way in the humanistic pastures of psychology (p. 8). Such pastures led...
Anterior Chamber Aqueous and Angle
The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous. The normal anterior chamber is optically empty. The aqueous that fills the anterior chamber is constantly being formed and drained out. The aqueous drainage area is found in the angle, the area formed where the posterior corneal surface meets the anterior iris root. (The angle itself cannot be viewed directly unless a gonio lens is used.) This dynamic creates a pressure within the eye, the IOP. Average IOP is around...
How Long Until Mutton Fat Kp Go Away
Subepithelial infiltrates (to right of beam on cornea, left of beam on iris) seen in epidemic kerato-conjunctivitis. (Photo by Val Sanders.) Figure 5-12. Keratitic precipitates. (Photo by Val Sanders.) Figure 5-12. Keratitic precipitates. (Photo by Val Sanders.) keratitic precipitates (KP's Figure 5-12) - white-yellow roundish glossy blobs (dubbed mutton fat because of their appearance) or a fine dusting of white precipitates. Appear in a random pattern (as opposed to guttata) on...
Cellular Adenomatous Nodule
Aspirates of thyroid nodules composed of follicular cells arranged in a predominantly macrofollicular pattern and lacking nuclear features of PTC are benign, and we diagnose them as adenomatous nodules (Figures 6.2-6.9). A variety of Figure 6.2. Adenomatous nodule. These nodules are characterized by a predominance of macrofollicles such as the one shown here. During smear preparation, watery colloid is extruded from the macrofollicle into the background. (Smear, Papanicolaou.) Figure 6.2....
Young Man with Edema and Decreased Urine Output
A 19-year-old man presented to the hospital complaining of swelling of his ankles, abdomen, and eyelids for the past 4 days. He had been in good health until several months ago when he noted a bloated sensation after eating. He also thought that he had gained weight recently, noting that his jeans seemed tighter. Four days before presentation, he experienced headaches and mild abdominal pain. At bedtime, there were depressions in his legs from the elastic in his socks. In the morning his legs...
Reference Interval SI Units
These data appeared to rule out pancreatitis or a coagulation disorder. Although hemoglobin and hematocrit appeared to have stabilized, thrombocytopenia persisted, and hemolytic anemia remained a possibility. By the second day, however, the patient had virtually no urine output. The following table shows his laboratory results for days 2 and 3 hpf erythrocytes, 5-10 hpf renal tubular epithelial cells, 1-5 hpf 44 mmol L 258 mOsm kg Rapid rise in serum levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine and...
Retention Times
There are two significant retention times in an anaerobic digester. These are solids retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). The SRT is the average time that bacteria (solids) are in the anaerobic digester. The HRT is the time that the wastewater or sludge is in the anaerobic digester. The SRT and the HRT are the same for a suspended-growth anaerobic digester that has no recycle. If recycle of solids is incorporated in the operation of the digester, then the SRT and HRT may...
Perineal Hygiene Among Older Women
Genital hygiene is of particular importance to the health and well being of older women. The consequences of inadequate hygiene vary. Mild skin irritation and fungal or bacterial skin infections become more common in older people who have a diminished capacity to care for themselves. Atrophic vulvovaginitis is prevalent after menopause. Moreover, the risk of pressure ulcers and incontinence dermatitis can be significant when older women suffer impaired mobility and urinary or fecal...
What Makes a Theory Useful
A useful theory has a mutual and dynamic interaction with research data. First, a theory generates a number of hypotheses that can be investigated through research, thus yielding research data. These data flow back into the theory and restructure it. From this newly contoured theory, scientists can extract other hypotheses, leading to more research and additional data, which in turn reshape and enlarge the theory even more. This cyclic relationship continues for as long as the theory proves...
Endospore Formation In Bacillus Subtilis
Endospore formation has been found exclusively in gram-positive bacteria and is best understood in Bacillus subtilis. The primary signal for the initiaton of sporulation is nutrient starvation. Cell density is also important for efficient sporulation, presumably to ensure that cells are sufficiently abundant. It may be that if starving cells are at a high density, it is better to sporulate rather than compete for nutrients. However, if cells are at a low density, the chances of finding...
Medulla oblongata Full name of the medulla
Medulloblastoma A malignant tumor of the cerebellum (a part of the brain located in the lower rear portion of the cranium), one of the most common types of brain tumors found in children. About 50 percent of these tumors are confined to the connecting bridge between the two halves of the cerebellum the rest actually invade the cerebellum or the brain stem. The cause of a medul-loblastoma is unknown. Most medulloblastomas occur between the ages of four and eight, with a peak incidence around age...
Nonproductive Orientations
People can acquire things through any one of four nonproductive orientations (1) receiving things passively, (2) exploiting or takhig things through force,(3) hoarding objects, and (4) marketing or exchanging things. Fromm used the term nonproductive to suggest strategies that fail to move people closer to positive freedom and self-realization. Nonproductive orientations are, however, not entirely negative each has both a negative and a positive aspect. Personality is always a blend or...
Postsclerotherapy Hyperpigmentation
Cutaneous pigmentation to some degree is a relatively common occurrence after sclerotherapy with any sclerosing solution. It has been reported in 11 to 80 1-3 of patients. The true incidence of hyperpigmentation is a result of many factors, including treatment technique, sclerosing solution, and concentration, as well as how the authors define pigmentation. The definition of pigmentation should be, any brown-black staining of the skin occurring after sclerotherapy, with persistent pigmentation...
Making the Diagnosis Do You Really Have Sinusitis
Unless you have prior experience with sinusitis, you may have trouble distinguishing it from other ailments, such as colds and allergies. People often mistakenly confuse the three because so many of their symptoms are similar. But they are, in fact, different entities with different causes Colds. Whereas sinusitis is caused by bacteria, colds are caused by viruses. These much smaller microorganisms invade the body's cells, where they reproduce and are eventually released into the bloodstream to...
Motivational and Stylistic Dispositions
All personal dispositions are dynamic in the sense that they have motivational power. Nevertheless, some are much more strongly felt than others, and Allport called these intensely experienced dispositions motivational dispositions. These strongly felt dispositions receive their motivation from basic needs and drives. Allport (1961) referred to personal dispositions that are less intensely experienced as stylistic dispositions, even though these dispositions possess some motivational power....
Postulates for Basic Tendencies
Basic tendencies have four postulates individuality, orighi, development, and structure. The individuality postulate stipulates that adults have a unique set of traits and that each person exhibits a unique combination of trait patterns. The precise amount of neuroticism, extraversi n, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness is unique to all of us, and much of our uniqueness results from variability in our genotype. This postulate is consistent with Allport's idea that uniqueness is the...
Safeguarding Tendencies
Adler believed that people create patterns of behavior to protect their exaggerated sense of self-esteem against public disgrace. These protective devices, called safeguarding tendencies, enable people to hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life. Adler's concept of safeguarding tendencies can be compared to Freud's concept of defense mechanisms. Basic to both is the idea that symptoms are formed as a protection against anxiety. However, there are important...
Biography of Sigmund Freud
Sigismund (Sigmund) Freud was born either on March 6 or May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia, which is now part of the Czech Republic. (Scholars disagree on his birth date the first date was but 8 months after the marriage of his parents.) Freud was the firstborn child of Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud although his father had two grown sons, Emanuel and Philipp, from a previous marriage. Jacob and Amalie Freud had seven other children within 10 years, but Sigmund remained the favorite of his...
Stages of Therapeutic Change
The process of constructive personality change can be placed on a continuum from most defensive to most integrated. Rogers (1961) arbitrarily divided this continuum into seven stages. Stage 1 is characterized by an unwillingness to communicate anything about oneself. People at this stage ordinarily do not seek help, but if for some reason they come to therapy, they are extremely rigid and resistant to change. They do not recognize any problems and refuse to own any personal feelings or...